“Every morning in Africa, a gazelle wakes up. It knows that it must outrun the fastest lion or it will be killed. Every morning in Africa, a lion wakes up. It knows that it must out run the slowest gazelle or it will starve. It does not matter whether you are a lion or gazelle. When the sun comes up you had better be running.” ~ Thomas Friedman
This is an apt description of what has occurred for me this semester. I began this term looking for ways to engage in media research that could lead towards activism in the area of community development. Many of the examples presented were related to a specific social issue with the intention of using media research to create a message that would activate change. The first example presented was around the issue of neuro diversity and Autism.
Unfortunately, I did not have a strong commitment to a single-issue cause, which would have made this class much simpler. Instead I pursued an interest in the role media itself plays in community development and found myself in the center of a maelstrom of activity in Spokane Washington where I have become a center stage protagonist of sorts.
Summary of Activities
In an effort to find a path I compiled 116 articles (of which I have narrowed my focus to the articles listed under works cited), conducted 14 interviews, helped stage and record a panel discussion about the changing local media climate, produced and recorded 7 community events that will be broadcast on our local public access television station, and co-founded a new media arts organization called F.A.V.E.S. (Film and Video Enthusiast of Spokane) and helped stage a short film festival at our community arts theatre The Magic Lantern. I also participated in a Career and Technical Education Spokane Area Advisory Committee Subcommittee for Photography and Video production that is working to create an internship program for high school and college students entering the film industry in Spokane.
The net result of this research will be a documentary film on the issues of community media and the state of journalism in Spokane that will be completed during the summer of 2009 and aired on our local public access channel. I have currently recorded over 6 hours of interviews and b-roll and have five more interviews scheduled in the next three weeks.
Research Questions
The initial inquiry I started with was the question “how does media effect community development in my city?”
Spokane Washington is a community with over 400,000 people in the metropolitan area with 31% of the population living below the federal poverty line. Historically Spokane’s economy was based upon manufacturing and natural resource jobs in farming, timber and mining and most of those jobs have disappeared due to automation, outsourcing, and global trade.
From Fall semester research I developed an understanding of community informatics, globalization, localism, as well as online virtual communities. Thus I started looking at media and it’s potential for local economic, social, and political change. Many researchers in the field of community informatics theorize that access to the internet and means of media content creation is supposed to mitigate the economic damage created by globalization and its hyper-concentration of sectors of business and industry. A significant barrier to communities like Spokane has been the level of media literacy and access to tools and training. Therefore my initial inquiry looked at whether or not Spokane has adequate access to media tools and training.
Article Review: The Effect of the Arts on Economic Development
My first step was to review academic articles that looked at the impact of media on a community. One of the first and most important articles I read was, “No Measure for Culture? Value in the New Economy” by Steven Bohm and Chris Land. This article provides an overview of the the historic trends in research and evaluation of the value of arts and media within a community. From this I learned of three primary measurements: Direct Economic, Social, and Workforce Development.
The arts have often been measured in terms of their economic impact direct and indirect due to the attraction arts provide for tourism and urban redevelopment. In Spokane the economic impact of a traveling broadway show is estimated to be in the millions. The construction of the Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture and its affiliation with the Smithsonian has anchored a redevelopment of the Brownes Addition neighborhood in the core of Spokane, and the first tenants in the urban renewal of the west end of downtown were art galleries and performance theatres. In fact the neighborhood has been branded as the “Davenport Arts District” after the historic hotel renovation and its adjacent supporting arts businesses.
The second category of benefit is that of social participation and creativity that leads to innovation and increased human capital. The arts are seen as increasing livability within a community and as a stimulant for creativity and innovation within organizations where participants are employed. The paper sites organizations that encourage employees to participate in arts activities as a means of insuring their place within a competitive global industry. The artistic endeavors we do away from our work tasks, enhance and directly benefit our ability to work more creatively and efficiently which translates indirectly into economic benefit.
The third area of impact is related to the second. Arts training is viewed as an enhancement of employability. The skills necessary for producing modern art relate directly to job skills in the information age. Design skills and media production are seen as highly sought skills for employability and community support for arts training is being viewed as an important economic development strategy. In the past ten years Spokane has built a downtown intercollegiate college campus with Washington State University’s interdisciplinary design institute as one of its cornerstones. Local non profit organizations like TinCan provide free access to media tools and training for local teens with the idea that these resources will result in a future workforce that will stay in Spokane instead of migrating to larger cities.
Case Study: Public Access Television
I explored the development of a unique community initiative that was started by a local attorney Jim Sheehan, who took a multimillion dollar inheritance and invested it into the renovation of a historic downtown hotel which he renamed “The Community Building”. The community building is the first LEED Gold rated building that utilizes sustainable energy resources including being completely solar powered and utilizing a roof garden and water collection system. Mr. Sheehan proceeded to form a micro-community of tenants that represented the arts, media, environmental and social justice, and fair-trade commerce. Within his one block development exists a variety of media enterprises including a community low power fm radio station (KYRS) and a public access television station (CMTV) as well as coop art gallery and film theatre.
This led me to look at public access television and to begin a dialog with Jeff Anttilla the local P.A.T. station manager for a non-profit group Community Minded Television. During the course of interviewing Jeff Antilla at CMTV I found that there are multiple issues being addressed by this station. CMTV provides free access to video cameras and editing stations and offers low cost training courses. CMTV also produced public service announcements for local non profit organizations and has completed 67 of these in the past two years. CMTV’s broadcast signal reaches 100,000 homes in the region and gives local citizens the ability to broadcast content they create. Currently the station broadcasts slideshows of artist work for 12 hours a day and offers alternative programming the other twelve hours a day ranging from local documentaries, town hall type community forums, and presentations of local community events. They recently completed their first feature length documentary on the effects of mercury poisoning within the region’s rivers due to mining activities. This production was in partnership with an environmental group the Lands Council which is also a tenant of the community building.
According to Jeff, CMTV supports community development through the representation of diverse populations and organizations, through the free production of public service announcements that enable the non-profits to devote monies that would be spent on media production on their mission specific activities, and through workforce development accomplished by their media training. Jeff Anttilla says he has had several cases where volunteer producers and interns have gone one to work within the filmmaking and broadcasting industry as a direct result of their training and participation at CMTV.
A review of the Benton Foundation report on Community Media (Johnson 2007) summarizes the empowerment strategies being implemented at CMTV:
- Access to media tools and distribution to 100,000 households
- Alternative content production that looks at social issues overlooked by commercial media
- Media Literacy through staging of community forums on media
- Community Building through partnerships with other organizations and development of workforce skills through the training of volunteers and interns
“The illiterate of the future will be ignorant in the use of the camera as well as the pen.”
– Laslo Maholy Nagy
Case Study: Entertainment Media and Economic Development
Looking beyond social service documentary media and public access television I interviewed Juan Mas and Jeff Brightway who are independent freelance producers and directors who split time between Los Angeles and Spokane.
Juan Mas use to be a production manager for North by Northwest Productions which is a local film studio that does subcontract work for many Hollywood productions and produces direct to video feature length films. He recently finished a freelance job producing a 6 part miniseries for NBC.
I met Juan while serving on a regional advisory committee for local high schools that teach video and photography. Juan has stated that there is a need for more media training within the Spokane region and he is a strong advocate for community development based upon the positive economic impact that is created whenever there is a large film production occurring in Spokane. He stated that the two primary film studios in Spokane are operating below their capacity due to the fact there is not enough trained labor for the two companies to have multiple large projects at the same time. He is working to create an internship program for local high school and college students in collaboration with the screen actors guild and other union groups.
Jeff Mooring is an actor/producer and owner of Brightcast Media who relocated from Southern California. His company is in production on two local television series that will be aired on KQUP, which is a regional broadcast channel similar to WB or UPN, and is part of a small group of affiliates based out of Arkansas. Unable to compete with national broadcasters, KQUP has established a priority to produce local content and has contract with Mr. Mooring to produce two Spokane based shows. I first met Jeff while producing a recording of Winona LaDuke lecturing at Spokane Falls Community College. He wanted to meet with me to discuss hiring some of my video students. After subsequent meetings he has hired two students as freelancers to be paid at $25-50 per hour to start.
It is easy to see from these two interactions that there is potential economic growth to be had from locally produced media.
Case Study: A Media Arts Group is Born
A tentative name of F.A.V.E.S. has been proposed which stands for Film And Video Enthusiasts of Spokane. I have been elected chair of the organization.
In addition to the initial planning meetings F.A.V.E.S. will be establishing an online forum in support of local filmmaking. We have created a Google group for our membership which will host an event calendar as well as discussion boards for sharing of information. We also have a website at www.favesblog.com.
We held our first open membership meeting on April 28th and had approximately 90 people in attendance out of an initial email list of 400 community members.
The F.A.V.E.S. is looking to start out casually and has positioned itself as being a gathering of filmmaking enthusiast from amateur to professional with an opportunity to develop a series of education programs and opportunity for local producers to have their work screened as well as broadcasts on CMTV if they should want. At this point we are not seeking to establish dues or adopt a rigorous formal protocol. The primary mission of F.A.V.E.S. is to facilitate the growth in media production through social networking and educational opportunities each month. We see this as an opportunity to add to the local film and broadcasting mix with an emphasis on local grassroots enthusiasm that is in support of existing organizations such as the Spokane International Film Festival, Tin Can, local high school and college media programs and the other professional development organizations and educational groups.
During the initial meeting I shared remarks about Marshall McLuhan as well as Malcolm Gladwell’s book “Tipping Point - How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference” and proposed that what we were doing was supporting our community through the visualization of the imagined and the creation of self identity and the economic development that comes with media literacy and training. In a sense we are developing social capital for purposes improving the livability of our community.
In this process of developing a new organization I experienced reinforcement of Lazarsfeld and Katz’s personal influence theory and two step flow communication theory whereby I participated as an opinion leader as well as what Malcolm Gladwell would describe as a “connector”. While a film group may not change the world, a gathering of film makers may prove Herbert Marcuse correct in his assessment that "Art cannot change the world, but it can contribute to changing the consciousness and drives of the men and women who could change the world."
Case Study: Johnson Garras Group
I met and interviewed Jeff Johnson and Chris Garras who are former media executives at local affiliate television stations. They have started a new media venture where they are creating software tools for online community development with the focus being on building relationships between for profit and non profit businesses. They have a goal of improving community through public private partnerships that they feel can be formed in a virtual community that is locally geographically based. They are part of a growing synergy of businesses that are interconnected in the East end of downtown Spokane. They have yet to launch their new site and have asked me to beta test it when it becomes available.
Case Study: Ethnic Media and Broadcasting
One reoccurring theme in my research was the potential for media to amplify message and build community within diverse groups that are under represented in mainstream media. I viewed the film “Stranger With A Camera” by Elizabeth Barret that tells the story of Canadian filmmaker, Hugh O’Connor, who was shot dead by Hobart Ison while filming a coal miner in Eastern Kentucky. The film asks the question of who has the right to tell the story? One of the positive outcomes of this event was the formation of the AppalShop media arts group that trained local filmmakers to document their region and culture. As a result of this I have placed a strong emphasis on trying to facilitate and train members of diverse groups to tell their own stories.
I have spent a significant portion of my time this semester researching and facilitating the production and distribution of ethnic media. One of my documentary video production students who is a member of the Spokane Indian tribe recently completed a short documentary on the impact of uranium mining on the Spokane Reservation. I believe it is the first film on the subject to tell the story from a tribal perspective. The net results of his effort have led to his film being shown at a local film festival, broadcast on our local public access television, the start of a native video production company, the story being carried on a regional tribal news channel, the start of a tribal news radio program co-hosted by my student, and more local media coverage awareness of water quality issues relative to mining activities on the reservation. Stories have been featured in the Spokesman Review and the Pacific Northwest Inlander as well as Out There Magazine.
In addition to this several students and I arranged to film and broadcast the first ever Intertribal Salish Language Conference that featured fluent speakers from seven regional tribes. I also chair the curriculum committee at Spokane Falls Community College that recently approved adding Salish Language courses to our language department.
In looking at the potential impact of media on culture I have interviewed and worked with native filmmakers who are using video and the Internet to seek to improve cultural ties and economic conditions. One young filmmaker is David Bluff who is a college student whose father is the Language and Culture director for the Kalispel Tribe. David has developed animated cartoon videos that share tribal stories in Salish for young people to learn their culture in their language. There are many initiatives being implemented to record elders speaking fluently and to use media as a means of sharing artifacts between the seven tribes. I have learned of many of the political issues that have severed and fragmented the tribes and their cultures and see the potential for ethnic media production combined with public access distribution as a means of empowerment.
While working on the FAVES group and the Quickies Film Festival, I met with Shonto Pete who was completing a feature length documentary at the editing studios of CMTV. Shonto Pete was arrested for auto theft and found not guilty in 2007. On the night of the incident he was pursued by an off duty police officer who shot him in the head after having been intoxicated at a local bar. The police officer was just found not guilty of assault in the 1st degree and agreed with Olson’s self defense claim and was give two years back pay. This court case was extremely controversy because the jury was not allowed to hear testimony that Pete had been found not guilty of attempted theft and that there was no physical evidence connecting him to the off duty officers pickup truck.
Having only read and viewed local broadcast media reports about Shonto Pete prior to meeting him, I realized afterwards how biased and limited the representation of Pete had been. A non tribal member would never know that Pete was married and a producer of music videos and documentaries on regional tribal pow wows. The image in the media suggested a completely different picture that is much more stereotypical.
This has strengthened my resolve to participate in ethnic media initiatives as a means of getting to better know my neighbors. I also facilitated the recording and subsequent broadcast of a lecture by Winona LaDuke who is working to bring native viewpoints on sustainable culture to non native people who possess the political power to make policy decisions.
Case Study: The Spokesman Review
Perhaps the net result of all of my interviews and research was the emergence of a crisis within media itself. Newspaper journalism is collapsing as a for profit advertising based industry. After participating in staging and recording a media panel discussion, and reviewing the 2009 Pew Excellence in Journalism Project (The State of the News Media 2009) I realized that my community is at a crossroads. One of Seattle’s newspapers has ceased publishing a print edition and 25% of newspaper journalist have been laid off. The past five years has seen the remaining local family owned newspaper shrink its newsroom in half. On the other hand interest in news media has never been higher and there has been a migration to Internet news sources that are mostly controlled through news aggregators such as google or yahoo.
Reader behavior has changed to where news is accessed multiple times a day on-demand instead of at regular intervals such as the 5pm news broadcast or the morning newspaper. Readers generally access material that shares a similar bias to their own and news content has generally been reduced to a reflection of media press releases with a significant reduction investigative reporting.
Just this past week Senator John Kerry convened a Senate committee hearing on the fate of Newspapers and the potential loss of the “Fourth Estate”. There may be a crisis brewing due to the loss of the watchdog function of media. While there are many that suppose citizen journalism can fill the void, the balance between citizen and professional journalism is yet to be realized and we are in the midst of uncertainty as it levels out.
The Pew Excellence in Journalism report outlines six key challenges for newspapers:
- How to finance
- Audience migration towards individual authors and away from institutions
- Content accessed by popularity instead of importance: Loss of primary mission
- Moving from a web model based upon drawing an audience to pushing content via social networking sites like Twitter, RSS feeds, podcasts, etc
- Partnships with other legacy media such as radio and broadcast television. (The Spokesman Review has recently partnered with an AM radio station to provide updated news every half hour)
- How to move towards on demand news that is continuously updated while maintaining quality.
After filming the Media Panel that explored these issues I decided to pursue followup interviews and have begun production on a documentary film that is putting a “Spokane Face” on the national issue of the state of journalism. It is my intent to open up a conversation between reader and publisher about the importance of Journalism to the democractic function of society, more specifically, my community which is a prototype mid sized city. This ultimately has become my single-issue research problem.
One of the interesting facets of my research has been how newspapers have overlooked the obvious and failed to adequately conduct audience research. One example of a newspaper using this strategy to buck the national trends is the Poconos Record
The Pocono Record sent out 13 people from the newsroom who did 200 interviews with readers of the newspaper. They talked to all these people and came up with a list of eight or nine subject areas that people had difficulty finding in their community. People weren't getting the kind of education information they wanted, they wanted more on infrustructure, golf, traffic, [and more]. So they figured out ways to beef up coverage of these things in the newspaper and changed some sections, which rolled over into the website, where they had more topic areas.
They did this in 2007 and by the end of the year, their print circulation was up, their web traffic was up 50% and their web revenues were up about 50%. What happened was that the website became known in the community as the place you would find out about everything, so they were able to raise their web ad rates. I think that could be repeated at every newspaper in America.
Sources: http://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2008/11/should-newspapers-become-online-ad-brokers-for-local-businesses325.html
In the course of my research for this film I have attended a lecture by Democracy Now host Amy Goodman and managed to speak with her directly as well as conducting on camera interviews with regional professors and media producers from all segments of media.
I am also in the process of conducting statistical research on the selection of media, interpretations of bias, and prioritization of local events in terms of coverage and desired coverage.
Conclusions:
- Some fundamental conclusions I have made based upon my participation this semester include:
- Journalism provides an important function for a democratic society
- Mainstream media does little to serve the local needs of a community and thus there is a need for vibrant and diverse community media outlets
- News is a two-way conversation that many traditional journalist are afraid to take part in.
- Media Literacy among print journalist is still limited.
- Media production and distribution plays a significant role in social, political, and economic development within communities
- Legacy Media and New Media work together. One does not replace the other.
- Media, irrespective to it’s content, is a conduit for culture creation and sustainability.
- Access to media is important for a sustainable community. Access has declined due to oligopoly corporate ownership that controls the majority of local media outlets and provides centrally produced content that doesn’t address local community needs
- Access to media is being threatened by government deregulation that is resulting in the closure of many public access television channels that are no longer funded by licensing requirements, and by the loss of newspapers due to declines in advertising revenue that cannot be made up through online advertising which is largely controlled by news aggregators such as Google and is extremely cheap to produce (26 cents per audience of 1000) and is migrating to a social networking platform that everyone has access to participate in directly without newspaper mediation.
- Paris Hilton is the most popular news search item on Google.
- There is a crisis among producers and readers of news and this is an issue that needs media activism.
Productions Spring Semester
- Pete Metzelaar “Stories Among Us: A Holocaust Survivor”, Hagan Center for the Humanities, Spokane Community College
- Winona LaDuke “White Earth Land Recovery Project” lecture, Spokane Falls Community College
- Media Panel Discussion “The Changing Media Landscape in the Inland Empire, Get Lit Workshop at Aunties Bookstore Spokane, WA
- Salish Language Conference, Spokane Falls Community College
- Amy Goodman “Standing Up to the Madness: Ordinary Heroes in Extraordinary Times.” Lecture, Gonzaga University
- Armenian Genocide Rememberance Service and Lecture by Dr. James Waller, St. Gregorios Orthodox Church, Spokane, Washington
- Get Lit Teen Poetry Slam, Empyrean Coffee House, Spokane, Washington
- Personal Documentary Working Title “Crisis of Change: The Future of Media in Spokane” Interviews completed:
- John Caputo, Gonzaga University
- James McPherson, Whitworth University
- Ryan Pitts, Spokesman Review
- Jeff Anttilla, Community Minded Television
- Luke Baumgarten, Pacific Northwest Inlander
- Jeremy McGregor, Pacific Northwest Inlander
Sources:
Anttilla, Jeff. General Manager, Community Minded Television. In-person interview 30 April 2009
Baumgarten, Luke. Editor, Pacific Northwest Inlander Weekly. In-person interview 6 May 2009
Bluff, J. Director of Language Studies, Kalispel Tribe. In-person interview at the 1st Annual Intertribal Salish Language Conference, Spokane Washington. 24 April 2009.
Bohm, S., Land, C. (2009) “No Measure for Culture? Value in the New Economy.” Capital &Class 97 pp.75-99
Bradshaw, P. “A model for the 21st century newsroom.” Online Journalism Blog. 17 Sept. 2007.
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Bradshaw,P. “BASIC principles of online journalism.” Online Journalism Blog. 18 Sept. 2008.
Caputo, John. Professor of Communication Studies, Director of the Northwest Alliance for Responsible Media, Gonzaga University. In-person interview 30 April 2009
Carlson, David. “The online timeline.” David Carlson’s Virtual World. 2007. 10 Dec. 2008
http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/carlson/1990s.shtml
“The Changing Media Landscape in the Inland Empire”. Panel Discussion with James McPherson, Whitworth University; Cheryl Ann Milsap, Spokane Metro Magazine; Ryan Pitts, Spokesman Review; Luke Baumgarten, Pacific Northwest Inlander Weekly; and John Orr, KYRS Community Radio. 11 April 2009
Cooper, A. (2008) “The Bigger Tent: Forget Who is a journalist; the important question is, What is journalism?” Columbia Journalism Review. Sept./Oct. 2008.
http://www.cjr.org/essay/the_bigger_tent_1.php?page=all
“Daily Internet Activities.” Pew Internet & American Life P
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Ellsworth,E. (2008). “Extreme Media Studies”. Presentation to Understanding Media Studies Class on November 17th, 2008. New York: New School University.
Extreme Media Studies. (2008). Scans: Monitorial Citizenship.
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“Facing Spokane Poverty.” (2005) Spokane Regional Public Health District Report Update
http://www.srhd.org/documents/PublicHealthData/PovertyIndicators.pdf
FAVES. Film and Video Enthusiast of Spokane meeting 28 April 2009
Ferguson, Jeff. (2008) “Midnight Mine: The Legacy of Uranium Mining on the Spokane Reservation” Presented at the Quickies Film Festival, Magic Lantern Theatre Spokane 28 April 2009.
Ferguson, Jeff. Native Documentary Filmmaker and CoHost of “Intertribal Beats”, KYRS Spokane. In-person interview 24 April 2009
Feenberg, A., Bakardjieva,M. (2004). “Virtual Community: No ‘Killer Implication’ “. New Media & Society, 6:1, pp. 37-43
Friedman, T. (2005) “The World is Flat: A Brief History of the 21st Century” New York : Farrar, Straus and Giroux
Garras, Chris. & Johnson, Jeff. Owners, Johnson-Garras Group. In-person Interview 13 Mar. 2009
Gladwell, Malcolm (2008) “Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference” USA: Little Brown & Company
Graham, Gary. Editor, Spokesman Review. In-person interview 7 May 2009.
Glaser, Mark. “Traditional journalism job cuts countered by digital additions.” MediaShift. 23 Aug. 2007.
http://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2007/08/traditional-journalism-jobcuts-
countered-by-digital-additions235.html
Goodman, A. “Standing Up to the Madness: Ordinary Heroes in Extraordinary Times.” Lecture given at Gonzaga University. 20 April 2009
“Internet Adoption.” Pew Internet & American Life Project. Aug. 2008. 10
http://www.pewinternet.org/trends/Internet_Adoption_102008.pdf
“Jay Olson Found Not Guilty” KREM TV. Spokane WA. 14 Mar. 2009
http://www.krem.com/topstories/stories/krem2-031309-olsen-verdict.30ac7a03.html
Johnson, F., Menichelli, K. (2007) “What’s Going on in Community Media.” Benton Foundation
http://www.benton.org/node/6172
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LaDuke, Winona. “White Earth Land Recovery Project” Earth Day Spokane Lecture at Spokane Falls Community College 17 Mar. 2009.
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Columbia University Press.
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http://www.todaysjournalist.wordpress.com
Mas, Juan. Producer-Director, Purple Crayon Productions. In-person interview 26 Mar. 2009
Mallie, D. (2009) “The Top Paying and Most Searched keywords on Google and Yahoo”
http://ezinearticles.com/?Top-11-Paying-and-Most-Searched-Keywords-on-Google-and-Yahoo&id=182518
Media History Project. “Timeline.” University of Minnesota. 7 Nov. 2008.
McGregor, Jeremy. Publisher, Pacific Northwest Inlander Weekly. In-person interview 6 May 2009
McGregor, Tamara. Associate Professor of Broadcast Journalism, Gonzaga University. In-person interview 6 May 2009.
McPherson, James, Professor of Media Studies, Whitworth University. In-person interview 29 April 2009
Metzelaar, P. “Stories Among Us: Holocaust Survivor” Lecture given at SCC Hagen Center for the Humanities, Spokane Washington. 12 Mar. 2009.
Mooring, Jeff. Owner, Brightcast Media. In-person interview 17, April 2009.
Patton, M. (2002) “Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods.” 3rd Edition Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication
Pete, Shonto. Citizen Journalist, CMTV. In-person interview 21 April 2009
Pitts, Ryan. Online Director, Spokesman-Review. In-person interview. 7 May 2009.
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Peters, J., Simonson, P. (2004). Mass Communication and American Social Thought: Key Texts, 1919-1968 Lanham Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield
Quality of Life Indicators: A profile of Spokane Washington http://diversitydata.sph.harvard.edu/profiles.jsp?ma=7840
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“The State of the News Media 2009: An Annual Report on American Journalism”. Pew Project for Excellence in Journalism.
http://www.stateofthemedia.org/2009/index.htm
Steele, K. (2007) “Pete Not Guilty” Spokesman Review article published 18 Oct. 2007
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“Stranger With a Camera.” (2000) Elizabeth Barret, Director. AppalShop Films
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